India was later ruled directly by the British Crown through the establishment of the British Raj.īritain's overseas possessions grew rapidly in the first half of the century, especially with the expansion of vast territories in Canada, Australia, South Africa, India, and in the last two decades of the century in Africa. The remaining powers in the Indian subcontinent such as the Maratha and Sikh empires have suffered a massive decline and their dissatisfaction with the British East India Company's rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, marking its dissolution. However, it remained in decline and became known as the sick man of Europe, losing territory in the Balkans and North Africa. The Ottomans underwent a period of Westernization and reform known as the Tanzimat, vastly increasing their control over their core territories in the Middle East. Russia expanded its territory to Central Asia and the Caucasus. The British boasted unchallenged global dominance after 1815.Īfter the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars, the British and Russian empires expanded greatly, becoming two of the world's leading powers. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British, French, German, Russian, Italian, and Japanese empires along with the United States. It was also marked by the collapse of the large Spanish and Mughal empires. The Islamic gunpowder empires fell into decline and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. A few decades later, the Second Industrial Revolution led to ever more massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit, and prosperity, a pattern that continued into the 20th century. The First Industrial Revolution, though it began in the late 18th century, expanding beyond its British homeland for the first time during this century, particularly remaking the economies and societies of the Low Countries, the Rhineland, Northern Italy, and the Northeastern United States. Slavery was abolished in much of Europe and the Americas. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th ( nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 ( MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 ( MCM). SIR ARTHUR LAWLEY G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E.Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the First French Empire. Source: A MESSAGE FROM MESOPOTAMIA, by THE HON. and the Staff have, however, been well trained to cope with difficulties, and as in the past, so in the future, their cheery optimism, skill and courage will carry them through every difficulty. There is a mule depot just across the creek which brings an ” infinite torment of flies,” and on the occasion of my visit I found the wards somewhat topsy-turvied by the discovery of plague-infected rats, and consequently of course of plague-infected fleas. is in the liquorice factory, not nearly so happily situated as No. Within a month, the hospital was split between two locations TANOUMAH and in the old Liquorice Factory at Makina which had been vacated by the 32 BGH. The hospital was initially deployed at TANOUMAH (on the right bank of the river) in 40 European Pattern tents. Personnel of 33 British General Hospital (BGH) arrived at Basra on Jon the HS VITA from Bombay. During November 1916 a similar convalescent depot was opened for Indians on an adjoining site.ģ3 British General Hospital, Makina (Basra) Patients were conveyed to and from it by river boats twice weekly. Steep turf banks and scattered palms gave to the camp a rural appearance, enhanced by well-made gravel paths, rustic seats, fences and flower-beds. It had a pleasant outlook on the river and on the Bamashia channel leading from it. The site of the new camp on the right bank of the river, about three miles above the Persian town of Mohammera, was ideal.
This depot received the first batch of 100 convalescents on 24th October 1916, and, as it had been decided to abandon Ashar barracks as a convalescent depot, it was extended to accommodate greater numbers. Medical History of the War, Volume IV, :Ī British convalescent depot was established at Mohammera. Source: Medical Services General History Volume III (Medical Services during the Operations on the Western Front in 1916, 19 in Italy and in Egypt and Palestine), by Major-General Sir W. Birrell, whose representative in Egypt was Colonel Sexton, the A.D.M.S. of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, Surg.-General W. They were nominally under the administrative control of the D.M.S. 19 in the Deaconesses’ Hospital, a German hospital, and No. 19 and 21) at the beginning of June 1915. 15 and 17) arrived in March, and the other two (Nos. When it was decided to undertake operations in the Dardanelles, four general hospitals were sent to Egypt from the United Kingdom, to act as base hospitals for the force. No 21 BGH was located at the Ras-el-Tin barracks in Alexandria.
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